In 2007, Voltarelli and colleagues first reported that autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation preceded by cyclophosphamide, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) stem cell mobilization, and antithymocyte globulin rendered 14/15 new-onset T1DM patients insulin nonrequiring for an average of 16 months [167, 168]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.