CD40 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: We have shown that a microsphere formulation comprised of PEG, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and poly-L-lysine-hydrobromide and short antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) targeting the primary transcripts of the CD40, CD80, and CD86 costimulatory genes effectively prevents and reverses type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model [232].