Insulin stimulation did not affect PDE (basal vs. insulin-stimulated: 2.8±0.8 vs. 2.9±0.7; 2.5±0.7 vs. 2.5±0.7; CONy: 1.8±0.3 vs. 1.8±0.3 mmol/l), which were ∼55% and ∼38% higher in T2D and CONm compared to CONy (p<0.001, p<0.05, Figure 2B). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.