INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Thus, we measured PDE, unidirectional flux through ATP synthase (fATP) during fasting and insulin stimulation as a marker of resting mitochondrial activity [21], [22], insulin stimulated glucose-6-phosphate (ΔG6P) as a marker of insulin-stimulated glucose transport/phosphorylation, whole-body glucose disposal (Rd) and endogenous glucose production (EGP) in T2D, non-diabetic age-matched (CONm) and younger humans (CONy).