CCL4 and HIV-1 infection: Decidual soluble factors include cytokines known to stimulate HIV-1 infection by promoting inflammation and viral replication including IL-12, TFN-α, IL-6 and IL-8 [6,30,31], but also anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and antiviral cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-γ, CXCL-12, CCL-3, CCL-4 and CCL-5) that inhibit HIV-1 infection [3,4,32,33].