PARP1 and neurodegenerative disease: Nevertheless, an excessive activation of PARP and the production of high levels of neurotoxic PAR polymer [21], [42], have also been connected with cell death, in particular in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, where PARP has been proposed to play a central role in a novel form of caspase-independent cell death, tentatively termed PARthanatos [27].