TXN and atherosclerosis: Probably, such factors alone or in any combinations as metformin-induced reduction in the progression of atherosclerosis because of increased expression of antioxidant thioredoxin [17], attenuation of endothelial dysfunction [18], anti-inflammatory effect [19], inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation [20], and decreased expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells [21] may be involved.