PTGS2 and neoplasm: Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is overexpressed in high-grade invasive TCC, and the anti-tumour effect of Cox-2 inhibitors in invasive TCC of urinary bladder has been suggested in both pre-clinical and clinical studies (Okamoto et al, 2008; Parada et al, 2009; Qin et al, 2009; Dhawan et al, 2010).