TLR4 and malaria: However, at this point one also has to be aware that some of these receptors have also a role for recognition of other types of pathogens (e.g. TLR9 for recognition of DNA from certain viruses or parasites, or TLR2/TLR4 recognizing also malaria and fungal structures) and although these are secondary recognition pathways for these microorganisms, one cannot exclude evolutionary pressures of non-bacterial pathogens on some of the genes analyzed here.