VEGFA and cancer: In addition, our data revealed that CSE modulates the cytokine response of human BMCs by inducing the release of suppressive, tumor differentiating cytokines such as TGF-β1 and IL-8 (normally over-expressed in advanced cancer [36], but not others such as the pro-apoptotic TNF-α, the anti-inflammatory IL-10, or the angiogenic VEGF.