VEGFA and neoplasm: Retinoic acid has also been shown to downregulate markers of proliferation such as hTERT and cyclins D1 and 3 [33], [34], markers of DNA damage such as 8-oxo dGuo [35], and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), potentially inhibiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis [28], [36].