These findings are consistent with the observation of neutrophil activation and accumulation in the glomeruli of children with HUS, and an associated elevation in CXC chemokines such as growth-related oncogene (CXCL1/GRO) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) [16], [20], [21]. Here, CXCL1 is linked to hemolytic-uremic syndrome.