We speculate that simultaneous activaton of MLC kinase and inactivation of MLC phosphatase is critical for influenza-induced MLC phosphorylation.Therefore, inhibition of MLC kinase or activation of MLC phosphatase by inhibition of any of HRas\Raf\MEK\ERK, PKC-α and RhoA signal transductions leads to suppression of influenza-induced MLC phosphorylation. Here, MLC1 is linked to influenza.