Based on previous findings that several parenchymal (injured hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells) and non-parenchymal (endothelium) liver cells as well as infiltrating immune cells are the primary sources of IL-8 in liver damage [27], [35], [36], we hypothesized that the elevated circulating IL-8 in CLD patients reflected increased hepatic IL-8 expression in liver disease. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.