Similar to IL-8 expression (Fig. 7C and D), avian and human influenza infection of NHBE cells did not induce an appreciable or significant level of apical MCP-1 expression relative to mock-infected cells (Fig. 7G), however, NY/04 infection was associated with an approximate 2-fold significant (p<0.05) increase of basolateral MCP-1 above mock-infected cells at 12 h and 24 h pi (Fig. 7H). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and infection.