No appreciable levels of IL-1β, MIP-1α or MIP-1β were detected from the basolateral or apical compartments of AIV or human influenza infected NHBE cells (data not shown); however, AIVs induced differential apical and basolateral expression patterns of IL-1a, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, and RANTES over time (Fig. 7). Here, CXCL10 is linked to influenza.