APOL1 and kidney disorder: Specifically, the simulation study is motivated by our experience in autoimmune diseases, diabetes and renal diseases where there are some larger effects (e.g., human leukocyte antigen region in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus, and juvenile arthritis [19]; and gene APOL1 in end-stage renal disease in African Americans [18]), and multiple modest to smaller effects with 1.1 < odds ratios < 1.3.