Among the genes methylated in YSTs and selectively expressed in germinomas, TFAP2C, PYCARD, CD2, CASP8 (Caspase 8), EVI2A and HLA-F were very biased in both methylation and expression, with LOD scores for the difference in expression >4 (Palmer et al, 2008) and hypermethylation in >75% of YSTs and in 25% or fewer germinomas (except TFAP2C, which was only hypermethylated in 63% of YSTs, but in no germinomas) (Figure 3C). Here, TFAP2C is linked to germinoma.