We found three genes hypermethylated in all of these (HOXA9, APC, PYCARD), which were methylated in less than 25% of germinomas and a further 30 genes hypermethylated in over 80% of the YST samples (14 of these genes were not methylated in a single germinoma and 16 were methylated in <25% of germinomas; Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene HOXA9 and germinoma.