In addition, we demonstrated induction of G-to-A hypermutations in env-DNA isolated from HIV infected DCs co-cultured with ApoAct but not with ApoRest, as a sign of APOBEC3 activity in mature monocyte derived DCs These findings may have relevance for cell-associated HIV transmission and pathogenesis, as dying uninfected and HIV-infected cells constitute a characteristic hall mark in acute and chronic HIV infection [30], [31]. Here, ERVW-1 is linked to HIV infectious disease.