TNF and dengue disease: To evaluate the capacity of the human cells to produce cytokines and chemokines in response to dengue virus infection in these mice, and to compare this to the human response, we measured the levels of human TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, sIL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1 and VEGF in the sera of infected and control mice at different time points.