NOD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition, cytoplasmic areas reproducing PaCS ultrastructure and proteasome as well as ubiquitinated proteins reactivity, though without H. pylori products and NOD1, were detected in pancreatic serous microcystic adenoma (Figure 2), basal cell parotid gland cancer (Figure 3), ovarian serous papillary, uterine cervical and thyroid papillary carcinoma (Figure 4), pulmonary large cell, bronchioloalveolar and hepatocellular carcinoma (Figure 5A–E), apparently in the absence of actual infection.