In 2010, two large-scale genome-wide association studies [9,10] simultaneously reported that a new and notable low-penetrance susceptibility locus (rs2274223) located in the phospholipase C epsilon 1 gene (PLCE1) was strongly associated with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) in Chinese population. This evidence concerns the gene PLCE1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.