TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Although the 25 kD TDP-43 C terminal fragment (CTF), but not the full length TDP-43, forms aggregates much more efficiently in mammalian cell cultures [15], [16], [17], overexpression of the wild type mammalian TDP-43 in transgenic mice or transgenic fruit flies causes neurodegeneration mimicking some of the phenotypes of ALS or FTLD-U [18], [19], [20], [21].