TARDBP and neurodegenerative disease: Thus, in addition to the protein sequences and general structure of the hTDP-43/dTDP [2], [9], [36], the biological pathways responsible for the function and dysfunction of mammalian TDP-43 are also well conserved in Drosophila. Fly models with overexpression of the homologous dTDP likely will have certain advantages when compared to the ones with overexpression of the heterologous hTDP-43, for the basic and translational research of neurodegenerative diseases with TDP-43 proteinopathies.