These studies indicate important roles for TLR-2 ligation and MyD88 in the control of infection with Leishmania major (de Veer et al., 2003; Kavoosi et al., 2010) and Leishmania braziliensis (Vargas-Inchaustegui et al., 2009), TLR-4 in control of L. major (Kropf et al., 2004a,b) and Leishmania pifanoi (Whitaker et al., 2008) and TLR-9 in controlling Leishmania donovani, L. major and L. braziliensis (Liese et al., 2007; Schneider et al., 2007). Here, TLR4 is linked to infection.