Although there is evidence that TLR-2 may play a regulatory role during infection with L. braziliensis (Vargas-Inchaustegui et al., 2009) and downregulate DC IL-12 production, all other studies implicate TLRs and TLR-4 ligation and MyD88 signalling in particular in the generation of protection against infection. Here, TLR4 is linked to infection.