Interestingly, it has been shown that (10 μM) VK3 in combination of (2 mM) VC kill leukemia cells (e.g., K562 cells) by oxidative stress independent of caspase-3, with a minor percentage of cell displaying mitochondrial depolarisation and DNA fragmentation without chromatin condensation consistent with a necrosis-like cell death [15]. The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is leukemia.