CD8A and HIV-1 infection: Although substantial numbers of tetramer-positive and IFN-γ-secreting HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were detected during infant HIV-1 infection, we observed minimal decline in HIV-1 viral loads during study follow-up; viral loads remained above 5 log10 copies/ml in all 7 infants and did not appear to follow a pattern similar to either tetramer-positive or IFN-γ-secreting cell frequencies.