TNF and Alzheimer disease: For example, Kaneko et al. [57] reports that atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with increased IL-4 Th2 cells, whereas Machura et al. [58] report that children with AD have significantly lower IL-4 Th2 cells and TNF-α Th1 cells and, therefore, no distinct bias towards Th1 or Th2 profiles.