CASP3 and infection: When we quantified morphometrically the number of hepatocytes that stained positive for cleaved caspase 3 (CC3, a marker of hepatocellular apoptosis) in either HBV replication-competent transgenic mice killed 1 day after CD8 T cell injection (Figure 5A) or C57BL/6 mice killed 3 days after Ad-β-Gal infection (not shown), we observed a ∼3-fold increase of CC3+ hepatocytes in Clo-L-treated mice compared with saline-treated controls, with similar results observed in GdCl3-treated animals (not shown).