PAPPA and preeclampsia: For example, a recent study suggesting that pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), an antenatal maternal serum biomarker, could be used as an early marker for pregnancies at-risk of preeclampsia reported an odds ratio of 6.6 (95% CI 2.2, 16.9), and concluded that decreased first trimester PAPP-A is a predictor of adverse pregnancy outcome [33].