Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder involving immune-mediated recognition of islet β-cells by autoreactive T cells, which leads to the liberation of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells in the islets of Langerhans and loss of insulin secretion. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.