S100A9 and neoplasm: By other evidence in vitro, Hoffman et al. [17] corroborated down-regulation of tumor suppressors (HOXB2, HOXB3, HOXB13, HOXB5, GADD45G, INHBB) and up-regulation of oncogenes (TP63, S100A8, S100A9) by introduction of pre-miR196a-C would be consistent with overall oncogenic activity, and the diminished regulatory activity of pre-miR196a-T is consistent with a protective role for the T allele of the SNP in breast cancer cells.