NCOA3 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Xu et al. (2007) detected NCOA3 overexpression and an increased copy number in 46% and 13% of 221 ESCCs, respectively. NCOA3 overexpression was observed more frequently in late compared to early stages, but there was no significant association between the expression of NCOA3 and lymph node metastases. These observations suggest that overexpression of NCOA3 as a result of genomic gain or other molecular mechanisms might provide a selective advantage for the development and local invasion of certain subsets of ESCC.