HMGB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: In the surgical biopsies of patients with stable IPF, 33.3 ± 5.6% of the cells were positive for HMGB1 without a significant difference compared with the autopsies (P = .057); however, most of these cells with HMGB1 immunoreactivity in the case of the surgical biopsies exhibited nuclear staining (Figure 2(d)) along with rare cytoplasmic staining (2.19 ± 0.46%), which was significantly different compared with the percentage of nuclear staining in autopsies (24.5 ± 7.0%, P < .001) (Figure 3).