Toconfirm this pathway in human spermatogenesis and test whether abnormality ofthis pathway may contribute to pathogenesis of azoospermia,we compared theexpression profile of CFTR, CREB and the spermatogenic marker protamine-2 innormal human and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) testes. This evidence concerns the gene CREB1 and Azoospermia.