TNF and infection: These results are in accordance with our previous studies demonstrating that infection with MVA or MVA-B of immature MDDC from healthy individuals upregulated the expression of most genes encoding the above mentioned immunomodulators (IFNα, IFNβ, TNFα, IL-6, IL12β, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CXCL10) [18], [44].