MTOR and carcinoma: Other molecular mechanisms include transcriptional regulation by Myc to increase expression of transporters and glycolytic enzymes—in particular GLUT, hexokinase 2, and lactate dehydrogenase [14], [23]—as well as by the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [24], [25], which is commonly overactive in carcinomas [26].