Interestingly, genes associated with TGFβ pathway accounted for 10% of directly bounded genes by SMAD3, but many of the pathways affected by TGFβ1/SMAD3 identified using a combination of ChIP-on-Chip and microarray analysis were consistent with the roles of TGFβ in development, fibrosis and cancer. The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is cancer.