Thus validation of specific TGFβ1/SMAD3 targets in human primary cells is probably needed to focus on specific pathways as we did in the case of FOXA2 and SERPINE1. Naturally, our comprehensive list of SMAD1 targets in A549 cells will be of interest also to cancer researchers because of the role of TGFβ1/SMAD3 signaling in lung cancer [72], [73], [74] and because A549 is also often used in lung cancer research. The gene discussed is SERPINE1; the disease is cancer.