EGF and carcinoma: The intimate relationship between the TGF-β and EGF-R pathways in growth regulation of carcinoma cells is also evident from studies showing that TGF-β1 can suppress PDAC cell proliferation by repressing EGF-R-induced ERK activation [38] and that EGF signalling, in turn, is permissive for regulation of gene expression and growth suppression by TGF-β1 [39].