RAPGEF5 and ovarian carcinoma: The molecular aspects of phytoestrogen effects on the growth and survival of ovarian cancer cells mainly include nuclear ER-regulated gene expression, GnRH receptor (GnRHR)-, FSH and/or LH receptors (FSHR/LHR)- and GFR-mediated signal transduction, and apoptotic signaling pathway, which are described in Fig. 3.