Besides modifying ER signaling networks, phytoestrogen, including genistein, exhibited a stimulatory action on the EGFR expression but did not trigger the activation of downstream signaling target (Mek and Erk) in the mammary gland, indicating a potential ER-independent mechanism underlying their protection against breast cancer [64, Fig. 2-(13)]. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and breast carcinoma.