EPB41 and infection: As other EPEC effectors such as EspH, EspZ, Map, EspG and EspF are also proposed to be involved in pedestal formation [29], we examined the recruitment of spectrin/adducin/p4.1 beneath the bacteria during infections with EPEC mutated in each of those effectors and found that in all cases, all three spectrin cytoskeletal proteins were present at pedestals (Figures S6 spectrin, S7 adducin and S8 p4.1).