TNF and tuberculosis: Since it has been reported that stimulation of fibroblast growth by TNF-α is required for the formation of granulomata that contain TB, sensitized effector T cells and activated macrophages that regulate the growth of TB, the aggravation of tuberculosis in anti-TNF-α Ab-treated mice is thought to be related to defective granuloma formation or apoptosis and necrosis of granuloma and lung structure [9–11, 35, 37–39].