INS and craniopharyngioma: Two synergistic mechanisms likely contribute to the hypothalamic obesity following surgery for craniopharyngioma, although their relative contributions are not known: (i) damage to hypothalamic nuclei and neuronal circuits involved in appetite and body weight regulation and (ii) a primary defect of insulin hypersecretion due to hypothalamic damage-induced vagal efferent stimulation with increased weight gain and compensatory insulin resistance [7, 8].