When complement C3 levels, as markers of long-standing complement activation, were measured in order to predict diabetes or CHD, these were not independent determinants of the associated “pro-inflammatory state” in women or in men without MetS, but were independent determinants in men suffering MetS suggesting that C3 was a risk factor for both diabetes and CHD, additively to MetS in males.20, 21. This evidence concerns the gene C3 and diabetes mellitus.