This was shown prospectively in Turks in both genders.8 Moreover, in linear regression analyses we have found an inverse association between current smoking and plasma C3 elevation in both genders independent of confounders such as waist circumference and serum triglycerides.20 Comparing other risk factors such as lower fasting insulin levels in current compared with never smokers, these factors may largely account for the protective effect of smoking in Turkish adults, particularly women, against MetS and type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM).28 Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.