Expression of COX2, CK2α or phosphorylated Akt in dysplasia was similar to that in high grade carcinoma in situ (n = 12, intensities of CK2α, COX2 and phosphorylated Akt were 2.2 ± 0.08, 2.0 ± 0.10 and 2.3 ± 0.07, respectively). Here, PTGS2 is linked to in situ carcinoma.