NPRA is strongly expressed in the tumorigenic TRAMP-C1 and -C2 PCa cell lines but less abundantly in the non-tumorigenic TRAMP-C3 PCa cell line (Figure 1D) [23]; the latter shows a three-fold reduction in growth and colonization potential compared to TRAMP-C1 and C2 cells (Additional file 2, Fig. S2). Here, NPR1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.