ELN and pulmonary emphysema: From the gene array analysis of ex-smokers with and without emphysema/COPD (Table 1) we identified genetic deficiencies that may underlie the Treg cell deficiency and chronic inflammation in COPD, and/or elastin-specific autoimmunity, focusing our analysis on those genes that were consistently present only in control patients and not in diseased patients; we found 18 gene products that we called protective genes, listed in Table 2, and verified 5 of them by quantitative RT-PCR.