On closer examination, one may interpret these results as: 1) the actual cells that encounter the pathogen i.e. natural route of entry, can up-regulate apoptotic machinery very rapidly to control the infection; 2) cells of the immune system have some time-lag in up-regulating GRIM-19; and 3) a signal from the initial event invokes cells of the immune system to respond to this signal and up-regulate other defense mechanisms, one of which involves GRIM-19. This evidence concerns the gene NDUFA13 and infection.