For example, the production of pro-angiogenic factors [24], [60], including VEGF, and of tumor invasion related enzymes, such as MMP2 and MMP9 [82], was upregulated in vitro by norepinephrine in several human and non-human cancers, through the β-adrenergic-cAMP-PKA pathway in tumor cells. The gene discussed is MMP9; the disease is cancer.