The Raf family of serine/threonine kinases and the MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway are heavily implicated in prostate cancer as activation of the Raf/MAPK pathway increases prostate cancer cell growth both AR-dependent and -independent under in vitro conditions (Yeh et al, 1999; Bakin et al, 2003). This evidence concerns the gene MARK2 and prostate carcinoma.