Activation of nAChR through nicotine or NNK has been found to activate protein kinase C (PKC), the serine/threonine kinase Raf-1, the mitogen-activated kinases ERK1 and ERK2, and the transcription factors FOS, JUN, and MYC through the selective activation of α7-nAChR in SCLC [34]. The gene discussed is CHRNA7; the disease is small cell lung carcinoma.