MAPK1 and colonic neoplasm: Nicotine is found to induce systemic or cellular increase in noradrenaline and significantly enhance the growth and angiogenesis of pancreatic, gastric, and colon cancer-xenografts with increased expression of ERK1-ERK2, COX2, prostaglandin E2, VEGF, and transactivation of β-adrenergic as well as EGFR signaling in colon cancer cells [52–55].