PTEN and ovarian carcinoma: The most well-known tumor suppressor genes that are frequently lost or inactivated in epithelial ovarian cancer include TP53, PTEN, BRCA1 and BRCA2. Commonly activated oncogenes are KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA. In addition, several signaling pathways are frequently activated in ovarian cancer, including the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway, the PI3K pathway, IL6-IL6R-Jak2-STAT3 signaling, and the LPA and NF-kB signaling pathways, amongst others [2,4].