NFKB1 and gram-negative bacterial infections: LPS is responsible for the initiation of the septic cascade in Gram-negative bacterial infections, which involves upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecules 1 (ICAM-1) and production of large amount of cytokines [14,15], the two processes that are both mediated by NF-κB and interplayed each other, cumulating to the damage on the vascular endothelium [16-18].