CSF2 and Decreased total leukocyte count: Finally, GM-CSF, which has long been associated with HIV-1 production in monocytes [50], [51], [52], was more recently introduced as an adjunctive therapy for leukopenia in HIV-1-infected individuals (reviewed in [53]) and was found to increase immune responses when incorporated as an adjuvant in certain next-generation HIV-1 vaccine candidates [54], [55].